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Learning Objectives
- Use the ideal gas law to compute gas densities and molar masses
- Perform stoichiometric calculations involving gaseous substances
- State Dalton’s law of partial pressures and use it in calculations involving gaseous mixtures
The study of the chemical behavior of gases was part of the basis of perhaps the most fundamental chemical revolution in history. French nobleman Antoine Lavoisier, widely regarded as the “father of modern chemistry,” changed chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science through his work with gases. He discovered the law of conservation of matter, discovered the role of oxygen in combustion reactions, determined the composition of air, explained respiration in terms of chemical reactions, and more. He was a casualty of the French Revolution, guillotined in 1794. Of his death, mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange said, “It took the mob only a moment to remove his head; a century will not suffice to reproduce it."
As described in an earlier chapter of this text, we can turn to chemical stoichiometry for answers to many of the questions that ask “How much?” We can answer the question with masses of substances or volumes of solutions. However, we can also answer this question another way: with volumes of gases. We can use the ideal gas equation to relate the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. Here we will combine the ideal gas equation with other equations to find gas density and molar mass. We will deal with mixtures of different gases, and calculate amounts of substances in reactions involving gases. This section will not introduce any new material or ideas, but will provide examples of applications and ways to integrate concepts we have already discussed.
Density of a Gas
Recall that the density of a gas is its mass to volume ratio, \(ρ=\dfrac{m}{V}\). Therefore, if we can determine the mass of some volume of a gas, we will get its density. The density of an unknown gas can used to determine its molar mass and thereby assist in its identification. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, provides us with a means of deriving such a mathematical formula to relate the density of a gas to its volume in the proof shown in Example \(\PageIndex{1}\).
Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Derivation of a Density Formula from the Ideal Gas Law
Use PV = nRT to derive a formula for the density of gas in g/L
Solution
\[PV = nRT \nonumber \]
Rearrange to get (mol/L):
\[\dfrac{n}{v}=\dfrac{P}{RT} \nonumber \]
Multiply each side of the equation by the molar mass, ℳ. When moles are multiplied by ℳ in g/mol, g are obtained:
\[(ℳ)\left(\dfrac{n}{V}\right)=\left(\dfrac{P}{RT}\right)(ℳ) \nonumber \]
\[ℳ/V=ρ=\dfrac{Pℳ}{RT} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
A gas was found to have a density of 0.0847 g/L at 17.0 °C and a pressure of 760 torr. What is its molar mass? What is the gas?
- Answer
-
\[ρ=\dfrac{Pℳ}{RT} \nonumber \]
\[\mathrm{0.0847\:g/L=760\cancel{torr}×\dfrac{1\cancel{atm}}{760\cancel{torr}}×\dfrac{\mathit{ℳ}}{0.0821\: L\cancel{atm}/mol\: K}×290\: K} \nonumber \]
ℳ = 2.02 g/mol; therefore, the gas must be hydrogen (H2, 2.02 g/mol)
We must specify both the temperature and the pressure of a gas when calculating its density because the number of moles of a gas (and thus the mass of the gas) in a liter changes with temperature or pressure. Gas densities are often reported at STP.
Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): Empirical/Molecular Formula Problems
Using the Ideal Gas Law and Density of a Gas Cyclopropane, a gas once used with oxygen as a general anesthetic, is composed of 85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass. Find the empirical formula. If 1.56 g of cyclopropane occupies a volume of 1.00 L at 0.984 atm and 50 °C, what is the molecular formula for cyclopropane?
Solution
Strategy:
First solve the empirical formula problem using methods discussed earlier. Assume 100 g and convert the percentage of each element into grams. Determine the number of moles of carbon and hydrogen in the 100-g sample of cyclopropane. Divide by the smallest number of moles to relate the number of moles of carbon to the number of moles of hydrogen. In the last step, realize that the smallest whole number ratio is the empirical formula:
\[\mathrm{85.7\: g\: C×\dfrac{1\: mol\: C}{12.01\: g\: C}=7.136\: mol\: C\hspace{20px}\dfrac{7.136}{7.136}=1.00\: mol\: C} \nonumber \]
\[\mathrm{14.3\: g\: H×\dfrac{1\: mol\: H}{1.01\: g\: H}=14.158\: mol\: H\hspace{20px}\dfrac{14.158}{7.136}=1.98\: mol\: H} \nonumber \]
Empirical formula is CH2 [empirical mass (EM) of 14.03 g/empirical unit].
Next, use the density equation related to the ideal gas law to determine the molar mass:
\[d=\dfrac{Pℳ}{RT}\hspace{20px}\mathrm{\dfrac{1.56\: g}{1.00\: L}=0.984\: atm×\dfrac{ℳ}{0.0821\: L\: atm/mol\: K}×323\: K} \nonumber \]
ℳ = 42.0 g/mol, \(\dfrac{ℳ}{Eℳ}=\dfrac{42.0}{14.03}=2.99\), so (3)(CH2) = C3H6 (molecular formula)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
Acetylene, a fuel used welding torches, is comprised of 92.3% C and 7.7% H by mass. Find the empirical formula. If 1.10 g of acetylene occupies of volume of 1.00 L at 1.15 atm and 59.5 °C, what is the molecular formula for acetylene?
- Answer
-
Empirical formula, CH; Molecular formula, C2H2
Molar Mass of a Gas
Another useful application of the ideal gas law involves the determination of molar mass. By definition, the molar mass of a substance is the ratio of its mass in grams, m, to its amount in moles, n:
\[ℳ=\mathrm{\dfrac{grams\: of\: substance}{moles\: of\: substance}}=\dfrac{m}{n} \nonumber \]
The ideal gas equation can be rearranged to isolate n:
\[n=\dfrac{PV}{RT} \nonumber \]
and then combined with the molar mass equation to yield:
\[ℳ=\dfrac{mRT}{PV} \nonumber \]
This equation can be used to derive the molar mass of a gas from measurements of its pressure, volume, temperature, and mass.
Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): Determining the Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
The approximate molar mass of a volatile liquid can be determined by:
- Heating a sample of the liquid in a flask with a tiny hole at the top, which converts the liquid into gas that may escape through the hole
- Removing the flask from heat at the instant when the last bit of liquid becomes gas, at which time the flask will be filled with only gaseous sample at ambient pressure
- Sealing the flask and permitting the gaseous sample to condense to liquid, and then weighing the flask to determine the sample’s mass (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\))
Using this procedure, a sample of chloroform gas weighing 0.494 g is collected in a flask with a volume of 129 cm3 at 99.6 °C when the atmospheric pressure is 742.1 mm Hg. What is the approximate molar mass of chloroform?
Solution
Since
\[ℳ=\dfrac{m}{n} \nonumber \]
and
\[n=\dfrac{PV}{RT} \nonumber \]
substituting and rearranging gives
\[ℳ=\dfrac{mRT }{PV} \nonumber \]
then
\[ℳ=\dfrac{mRT}{PV}=\mathrm{\dfrac{(0.494\: g)×0.08206\: L⋅atm/mol\: K×372.8\: K}{0.976\: atm×0.129\: L}=120\:g/mol} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
A sample of phosphorus that weighs 3.243 × 10−2 g exerts a pressure of 31.89 kPa in a 56.0-mL bulb at 550 °C. What are the molar mass and molecular formula of phosphorus vapor?
- Answer
-
124 g/mol P4
The Pressure of a Mixture of Gases: Dalton’s Law
Unless they chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each individual gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it were present alone in the container ( Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure. This observation is summarized by Dalton’s law of partial pressures: The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases:
\[P_{Total}=P_A+P_B+P_C+...=\sum_iP_i \nonumber \]
In the equation PTotal is the total pressure of a mixture of gases, PA is the partial pressure of gas A; PB is the partial pressure of gas B; PC is the partial pressure of gas C; and so on.
The partial pressure of gas A is related to the total pressure of the gas mixture via its mole fraction (X), a unit of concentration defined as the number of moles of a component of a solution divided by the total number of moles of all components:
\[P_A=X_A×P_{Total}\hspace{20px}\ce{where}\hspace{20px}X_A=\dfrac{n_A}{n_{Total}} \nonumber \]
where PA, XA, and nA are the partial pressure, mole fraction, and number of moles of gas A, respectively, and nTotal is the number of moles of all components in the mixture.
Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Pressure of a Mixture of Gases
A 10.0-L vessel contains 2.50 × 10−3 mol of H2, 1.00 × 10−3 mol of He, and 3.00 × 10−4 mol of Ne at 35 °C.
- What are the partial pressures of each of the gases?
- What is the total pressure in atmospheres?
Solution
The gases behave independently, so the partial pressure of each gas can be determined from the ideal gas equation, using \(P=\dfrac{nRT}{V}\):
\[P_\mathrm{H_2}=\mathrm{\dfrac{(2.50×10^{−3}\:mol)(0.08206\cancel{L}atm\cancel{mol^{−1}\:K^{−1}})(308\cancel{K})}{10.0\cancel{L}}=6.32×10^{−3}\:atm} \nonumber \]
\[P_\ce{He}=\mathrm{\dfrac{(1.00×10^{−3}\cancel{mol})(0.08206\cancel{L}atm\cancel{mol^{−1}\:K^{−1}})(308\cancel{K})}{10.0\cancel{L}}=2.53×10^{−3}\:atm} \nonumber \]
\[P_\ce{Ne}=\mathrm{\dfrac{(3.00×10^{−4}\cancel{mol})(0.08206\cancel{L}atm\cancel{mol^{−1}\:K^{−1}})(308\cancel{K})}{10.0\cancel{L}}=7.58×10^{−4}\:atm} \nonumber \]
The total pressure is given by the sum of the partial pressures:
\[P_\ce{T}=P_\mathrm{H_2}+P_\ce{He}+P_\ce{Ne}=\mathrm{(0.00632+0.00253+0.00076)\:atm=9.61×10^{−3}\:atm} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
A 5.73-L flask at 25 °C contains 0.0388 mol of N2, 0.147 mol of CO, and 0.0803 mol of H2. What is the total pressure in the flask in atmospheres?
- Answer
-
1.137 atm
Here is another example of this concept, but dealing with mole fraction calculations.
Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): The Pressure of a Mixture of Gases
A gas mixture used for anesthesia contains 2.83 mol oxygen, O2, and 8.41 mol nitrous oxide, N2O. The total pressure of the mixture is 192 kPa.
- What are the mole fractions of O2 and N2O?
- What are the partial pressures of O2 and N2O?
Solution
The mole fraction is given by
\[X_A=\dfrac{n_A}{n_{Total}} \nonumber \]
and the partial pressure is
\[P_A = X_A \times P_{Total} \nonumber \]
For O2,
\[X_{O_2}=\dfrac{n_{O_2}}{n_{Total}}=\mathrm{\dfrac{2.83 mol}{(2.83+8.41)\:mol}=0.252} \nonumber \]
and
\[P_{O_2}=X_{O_2}×P_{Total}=\mathrm{0.252×192\: kPa=48.4\: kPa} \nonumber \]
For N2O,
\[X_{N_2O}=\dfrac{n_{N_2O}}{n_{Total}}=\mathrm{\dfrac{8.41\: mol}{(2.83+8.41)\:mol}=0.748} \nonumber \]
and
\[P_{N_2O}=X_{N_2O}×P_{Total}=\mathrm{(0.748)×192\: kPa = 143.6 \: kPa} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
What is the pressure of a mixture of 0.200 g of H2, 1.00 g of N2, and 0.820 g of Ar in a container with a volume of 2.00 L at 20 °C?
- Answer
-
1.87 atm
Collection of Gases over Water
A simple way to collect gases that do not react with water is to capture them in a bottle that has been filled with water and inverted into a dish filled with water. The pressure of the gas inside the bottle can be made equal to the air pressure outside by raising or lowering the bottle. When the water level is the same both inside and outside the bottle (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)), the pressure of the gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure, which can be measured with a barometer.
However, there is another factor we must consider when we measure the pressure of the gas by this method. Water evaporates and there is always gaseous water (water vapor) above a sample of liquid water. As a gas is collected over water, it becomes saturated with water vapor and the total pressure of the mixture equals the partial pressure of the gas plus the partial pressure of the water vapor. The pressure of the pure gas is therefore equal to the total pressure minus the pressure of the water vapor—this is referred to as the “dry” gas pressure, that is, the pressure of the gas only, without water vapor.
The vapor pressure of water, which is the pressure exerted by water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water in a closed container, depends on the temperature (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)); more detailed information on the temperature dependence of water vapor can be found in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\), and vapor pressure will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter on liquids.
| Temperature (°C) | Pressure (torr) | Temperature (°C) | Pressure (torr) | Temperature (°C) | Pressure (torr) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| –10 | 1.95 | 18 | 15.5 | 30 | 31.8 | ||
| –5 | 3.0 | 19 | 16.5 | 35 | 42.2 | ||
| –2 | 3.9 | 20 | 17.5 | 40 | 55.3 | ||
| 0 | 4.6 | 21 | 18.7 | 50 | 92.5 | ||
| 2 | 5.3 | 22 | 19.8 | 60 | 149.4 | ||
| 4 | 6.1 | 23 | 21.1 | 70 | 233.7 | ||
| 6 | 7.0 | 24 | 22.4 | 80 | 355.1 | ||
| 8 | 8.0 | 25 | 23.8 | 90 | 525.8 | ||
| 10 | 9.2 | 26 | 25.2 | 95 | 633.9 | ||
| 12 | 10.5 | 27 | 26.7 | 99 | 733.2 | ||
| 14 | 12.0 | 28 | 28.3 | 100.0 | 760.0 | ||
| 16 | 13.6 | 29 | 30.0 | 101.0 | 787.6 |
Example \(\PageIndex{4}\): Pressure of a Gas Collected Over Water
If 0.200 L of argon is collected over water at a temperature of 26 °C and a pressure of 750 torr in a system like that shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\), what is the partial pressure of argon?
Solution
According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure in the bottle (750 torr) is the sum of the partial pressure of argon and the partial pressure of gaseous water:
\[P_\ce{T}=P_\ce{Ar}+P_\mathrm{H_2O} \nonumber \]
Rearranging this equation to solve for the pressure of argon gives:
\[P_\ce{Ar}=P_\ce{T}−P_\mathrm{H_2O} \nonumber \]
The pressure of water vapor above a sample of liquid water at 26 °C is 25.2 torr (Appendix E), so:
\[P_\ce{Ar}=\mathrm{750\:torr−25.2\:torr=725\:torr} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)
A sample of oxygen collected over water at a temperature of 29.0 °C and a pressure of 764 torr has a volume of 0.560 L. What volume would the dry oxygen have under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?
- Answer
-
0.583 L
Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases
Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. We have previously measured quantities of reactants and products using masses for solids and volumes in conjunction with the molarity for solutions; now we can also use gas volumes to indicate quantities. If we know the volume, pressure, and temperature of a gas, we can use the ideal gas equation to calculate how many moles of the gas are present. If we know how many moles of a gas are involved, we can calculate the volume of a gas at any temperature and pressure.
Avogadro’s Law Revisited
Sometimes we can take advantage of a simplifying feature of the stoichiometry of gases that solids and solutions do not exhibit: All gases that show ideal behavior contain the same number of molecules in the same volume (at the same temperature and pressure). Thus, the ratios of volumes of gases involved in a chemical reaction are given by the coefficients in the equation for the reaction, provided that the gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
We can extend Avogadro’s law (that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas) to chemical reactions with gases: Gases combine, or react, in definite and simple proportions by volume, provided that all gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. For example, since nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to produce ammonia gas according to
\[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⟶\ce{2NH3}(g) \nonumber \]
a given volume of nitrogen gas reacts with three times that volume of hydrogen gas to produce two times that volume of ammonia gas, if pressure and temperature remain constant.
The explanation for this is illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). According to Avogadro’s law, equal volumes of gaseous N2, H2, and NH3, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Because one molecule of N2 reacts with three molecules of H2 to produce two molecules of NH3, the volume of H2 required is three times the volume of N2, and the volume of NH3 produced is two times the volume of N2.
Example \(\PageIndex{5}\): Reaction of Gases
Propane, C3H8(g), is used in gas grills to provide the heat for cooking. What volume of O2(g) measured at 25 °C and 760 torr is required to react with 2.7 L of propane measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure? Assume that the propane undergoes complete combustion.
Solution
The ratio of the volumes of C3H8 and O2 will be equal to the ratio of their coefficients in the balanced equation for the reaction:
\[\begin{align}
&\ce{C3H8}(g)+\ce{5O2}(g) ⟶ &&\ce{3CO2}(g)+\ce{4H2O}(l)\\
\ce{&1\: volume + 5\: volumes &&3\: volumes + 4\: volumes}
\end{align} \nonumber \]
From the equation, we see that one volume of C3H8 will react with five volumes of O2:
\[\mathrm{2.7\cancel{L\:C_3H_8}×\dfrac{5\: L\:\ce{O2}}{1\cancel{L\:C_3H_8}}=13.5\: L\:\ce{O2}} \nonumber \]
A volume of 13.5 L of O2 will be required to react with 2.7 L of C3H8.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)
An acetylene tank for an oxyacetylene welding torch provides 9340 L of acetylene gas, C2H2, at 0 °C and 1 atm. How many tanks of oxygen, each providing 7.00 × 103 L of O2 at 0 °C and 1 atm, will be required to burn the acetylene?
\[\ce{2C2H2 + 5O2⟶4CO2 + 2H2O} \nonumber \]
- Answer
-
3.34 tanks (2.34 × 104 L)
Example \(\PageIndex{6}\): Volumes of Reacting Gases
Ammonia is an important fertilizer and industrial chemical. Suppose that a volume of 683 billion cubic feet of gaseous ammonia, measured at 25 °C and 1 atm, was manufactured. What volume of H2(g), measured under the same conditions, was required to prepare this amount of ammonia by reaction with N2?
\[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⟶\ce{2NH3}(g) \nonumber \]
Solution
Because equal volumes of H2 and NH3 contain equal numbers of molecules and each three molecules of H2 that react produce two molecules of NH3, the ratio of the volumes of H2 and NH3 will be equal to 3:2. Two volumes of NH3, in this case in units of billion ft3, will be formed from three volumes of H2:
\[\mathrm{683\cancel{billion\:ft^3\:NH_3}×\dfrac{3\: billion\:ft^3\:H_2}{2\cancel{billion\:ft^3\:NH_3}}=1.02×10^3\:billion\:ft^3\:H_2} \nonumber \]
The manufacture of 683 billion ft3 of NH3 required 1020 billion ft3 of H2. (At 25 °C and 1 atm, this is the volume of a cube with an edge length of approximately 1.9 miles.)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)
What volume of O2(g) measured at 25 °C and 760 torr is required to react with 17.0 L of ethylene, C2H4(g), measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure? The products are CO2 and water vapor.
- Answer
-
51.0 L
Example \(\PageIndex{7}\): Volume of Gaseous Product
What volume of hydrogen at 27 °C and 723 torr may be prepared by the reaction of 8.88 g of gallium with an excess of hydrochloric acid?
\[\ce{2Ga}(s)+\ce{6HCl}(aq)⟶\ce{2GaCl3}(aq)+\ce{3H2}(g) \nonumber \]
Solution
To convert from the mass of gallium to the volume of H2(g), we need to do something like this:
The first two conversions are:
\[\mathrm{8.88\cancel{g\: Ga}×\dfrac{1\cancel{mol\: Ga}}{69.723\cancel{g\: Ga}}×\dfrac{3\: mol\:H_2}{2\cancel{mol\: Ga}}=0.191\:mol\: H_2} \nonumber \]
Finally, we can use the ideal gas law:
\[V_\mathrm{H_2}=\left(\dfrac{nRT}{P}\right)_\mathrm{H_2}=\mathrm{\dfrac{0.191\cancel{mol}×0.08206\: L\cancel{atm\:mol^{−1}\:K^{−1}}×300\: K}{0.951\:atm}=4.94\: L} \nonumber \]
Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\)
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the preparation of sulfuric acid. What volume of SO2 at 343 °C and 1.21 atm is produced by burning l.00 kg of sulfur in oxygen?
- Answer
-
1.30 × 103 L
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
The thin skin of our atmosphere keeps the earth from being an ice planet and makes it habitable. In fact, this is due to less than 0.5% of the air molecules. Of the energy from the sun that reaches the earth, almost \(\dfrac{1}{3}\) is reflected back into space, with the rest absorbed by the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. Some of the energy that the earth absorbs is re-emitted as infrared (IR) radiation, a portion of which passes back out through the atmosphere into space. However, most of this IR radiation is absorbed by certain substances in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, which re-emit this energy in all directions, trapping some of the heat. This maintains favorable living conditions—without atmosphere, the average global average temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) would be about –19 °C (–2 °F). The major greenhouse gases (GHGs) are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Since the Industrial Revolution, human activity has been increasing the concentrations of GHGs, which have changed the energy balance and are significantly altering the earth’s climate (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)).
There is strong evidence from multiple sources that higher atmospheric levels of CO2 are caused by human activity, with fossil fuel burning accounting for about \(\dfrac{3}{4}\) of the recent increase in CO2. Reliable data from ice cores reveals that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is at the highest level in the past 800,000 years; other evidence indicates that it may be at its highest level in 20 million years. In recent years, the CO2 concentration has increased from historical levels of below 300 ppm to almost 400 ppm today (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)).
Summary
The ideal gas law can be used to derive a number of convenient equations relating directly measured quantities to properties of interest for gaseous substances and mixtures. Appropriate rearrangement of the ideal gas equation may be made to permit the calculation of gas densities and molar masses. Dalton’s law of partial pressures may be used to relate measured gas pressures for gaseous mixtures to their compositions. Avogadro’s law may be used in stoichiometric computations for chemical reactions involving gaseous reactants or products.
Key Equations
- PTotal = PA + PB + PC + … = ƩiPi
- PA = XA PTotal
- \(X_A=\dfrac{n_A}{n_{Total}}\)
Footnotes
- “Quotations by Joseph-Louis Lagrange,” last modified February 2006, accessed February 10, 2015, www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.../Lagrange.html
Summary
- Dalton’s law of partial pressures
- total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
- mole fraction (X)
- concentration unit defined as the ratio of the molar amount of a mixture component to the total number of moles of all mixture components
- partial pressure
- pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture
- vapor pressure of water
- pressure exerted by water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water in a closed container at a specific temperature
FAQs
How to calculate stoichiometry for gases in chemical reactions? ›
To account for these conditions, we use the ideal gas equation PV=nRT where P is the pressure measured in atmosphere(atm), V is the volume measured in liters (L), n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant with a value of . 08206 L atm mol-1 K-1, and T is the temperature measured in kelvin (K).
How hard is stoichiometry? ›Stoichiometry might be difficult for students because they often don't see the big picture. That is because they don't understand how all the concepts fit together and why they are being in the real world.
What are the 4 steps to solving stoichiometry problems? ›- Balance the equation.
- Convert units of a given substance to moles.
- Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of substance yielded by the reaction.
- Convert moles of wanted substance to desired units.
Gas stoichiometry is dealing with gaseous substances where we have given volume data or we are asked to determine the volume of some component in a chemical reaction. There are three types of Gas Stoichiometry problems: Mole-Volume (or Volume-Mole) Mass-volume (or volume-mass)
What is an example of stoichiometry? ›For example, when oxygen and hydrogen react to produce water, one mole of oxygen reacts with two moles of hydrogen to produce two moles of water. In addition, stoichiometry can be used to find quantities such as the amount of products that can be produced with a given amount of reactants and percent yield.
What is gas reaction stoichiometry? ›Gas stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship (ratio) between reactants and products in a chemical reaction with reactions that produce gases. Gas stoichiometry applies when the gases produced are assumed to be ideal, and the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gases are all known.
What grade level is stoichiometry? ›Stoichiometry concepts taught at secondary level, mostly for grade 11 and grade 12, involve problem-solving and under standing of chemical reactions and equations.
Is stoichiometry a math? ›Stoichiometry Definition
Stoichiometry is math having to do with chemical reactions. There are different types of calculations you can perform; stoichiometry with moles is the most common, but you can also do math with masses and even percentages.
In grade 10 you learnt how to write balanced chemical equations and started looking at stoichiometric calculations. By knowing the ratios of substances in a reaction, it is possible to use stoichiometry to calculate the amount of either reactants or products that are involved in the reaction.
What is stoichiometric formula? ›The stoichiometry of a reaction describes the relative amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. A stoichiometric quantity of a reactant is the amount necessary to react completely with the other reactant(s).
What is always the first step to solve a stoichiometry problem? ›
Answer and Explanation: The first and critical step in any stoichiometric calculation is to have a balanced chemical equation.
What is an example of a stoichiometry problem? ›Problem: How many moles of HCl are needed to react with 0.87 moles of Al? Problem: How many grams of Al can be created decomposing 9.8g of Al2O3? Problem: How many liters of H2 are created from the reaction of 20.0g K?
What is stoichiometry solution example? ›Solution Stoichiometry Movie Text
It is defined as the moles of a substance contained in one liter of solution. For instance, if a solution has a concentration of 1.20 M NaCl, this means that there are 1.20 moles of NaCl per liter of solution.
The stoichiometry of a reaction describes the relative amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. A stoichiometric quantity of a reactant is the amount necessary to react completely with the other reactant(s).
What are the 4 types of stoichiometry problems? ›- Mass to mass conversion.
- Mass to moles conversion.
- Mole to mass steps conversion.
- Mole to mole steps conversion.
The basis of the stoichiometric calculations is the law of conservation of mass which states that the mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Another form of the law states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Why is gas stoichiometry important? ›Given a chemical reaction, stoichiometry tells us what quantity of each reactant we need in order to get enough of our desired product. Because of its real-life applications in chemical engineering as well as research, stoichiometry is one of the most important and fundamental topics in chemistry.
What are the uses of gas stoichiometry? ›The ideal gas equation and the stoichiometry of a reaction can be used to calculate the volume of gas produced or consumed in a reaction.
What is the volume of a gas stoichiometry? ›Avogadro's hypothesis states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of gas particles. Further, one mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 1 atm) occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
What is stoichiometry in one word? ›Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships or ratios between two or more substances undergoing a physical change or chemical change (chemical reaction). The word derives from the Greek words: stoicheion (meaning "element") and metron (meaning "to measure").
What is gas chemical reaction examples? ›
An example of a chemical reaction that produces a gas is the reaction between baking soda and lemon juice (citric acid). If you mix baking soda with lemon juice (or vinegar), both substances quickly react to form bubbles. The bubbles are made of carbon dioxide gas (CO2(g)).
What type of math is stoichiometry? ›Stoichiometry is the numerical relationship between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction. In fact, the word 'stoichiometry' is derived from the Ancient Greek words stoicheion "element" and metron "measure".
Is chemistry a 9th grade? ›Normally, high school chemistry class starts in 10th grade. SpringLight Education is offering a chance for 9th and middle school students to take their high school level chemistry class early.
Is stoichiometry in high school? ›Stoichiometry, "the quantitative relationship between two or more substances especially in processes involving physical or chemical change" (Merriam-Webster), is currently a major part of the U.S. high school curriculum.
What grade is chemistry? ›Students must be comfortable with algebra to understand and work chemistry problems. This is one of the reasons why we recommend chemistry at the 10th grade level. However, parents can choose whichever science course they prefer.
Is stoichiometry in AP chemistry? ›Stoichiometry – The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is the most important thing you can learn as you embark upon AP Chemistry!
Is chemistry 11 grade? ›11th Grade Science Curriculum
Traditionally, high school students take physical science in 9th grade, biology in 10th grade, and then chemistry or physics in 11th and 12th grades.
the first step in any stoichiometric problem is to always ensure that the chemical reaction you are dealing with is balanced, clarity of the concept of a 'mole' and the relationship between 'amount (grams)' and 'moles'.
What is the rule of stoichiometry? ›Stoichiometry (Rules): Rules for determining amount of substance reacting or formed in chemical equations: Balance the equation. Decide what quantity of each substance is given. Write it below the substance (one line down if a mole quantity, two lines down if a laboratory quantity).
How is stoichiometry calculator? ›Stoichiometry Calculator is an online tool that balances a chemical reaction by equalizing the components of reactants and products resulting in a balanced equation. It also provides the chemical structures of reactants and products.
Is stoichiometry easy? ›
Stoichiometry can be difficult because it builds upon a number of individual skills. To be successful you must master the skills and learn how to plan your problem solving strategy. Master each of these skills before moving on: Calculating Molar Mass.
What is a two step stoichiometry problem? ›A two-step stoichiometry problem involves converting from the grams of a substance to the moles of that substance (using a molar mass) to the moles of a second substance (using coefficients).
What is the formula for gas problem? ›The Ideal Gas Law is written PV=nRT where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is a constant, and T is the temperature given in Kelvin.
How is stoichiometry used in gas? ›The use of the ideal or combined gas law in conjunction with stoichiometry connects at the calculation of moles in either case. What is meant by this is you can use a balanced chemical equation to determine the number of moles of gas being produced and then use the ideal gas law to find its pressure or volume etc.
How do you find the mass of a gas using stoichiometry? ›- Convert mass of given to moles of given by dividing by the formula mass of the given.
- Convert moles of given to moles of needed using the balanced equation.
- Convert moles of needed to liters of requested using PV = nRT.
The equations describing these laws are special cases of the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, T is its kelvin temperature, and R is the ideal (universal) gas constant.
What are the 4 gas laws formulas? ›| Laws | Formula |
|---|---|
| Charles Law | V/T=K |
| Boyle's Law | PV=K |
| Avogadros law | V/n=K |
| Ideal Gas Law | PV=nRT |
The gas laws consist of three primary laws: Charles' Law, Boyle's Law and Avogadro's Law (all of which will later combine into the General Gas Equation and Ideal Gas Law).
How do you write a gas equation? ›The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) relates the macroscopic properties of ideal gases.
What is stoichiometry used for answers? ›Using the same concept of mole ratios as explained above, stoichiometry is used to figure out how much reactant is needed to make a desired quantity of product in a laboratory or manufacturing facility.
Is gas law stoichiometry? ›
With the ideal gas law, we can use the relationship between the amounts of gases (in moles) and their volumes (in liters) to calculate the stoichiometry of reactions involving gases, if the pressure and temperature are known. This is important for several reasons.
What is the meaning of stoichiometry? ›Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements.
What is the difference between stoichiometry and gas stoichiometry? ›The main difference is that both liquids and solids have definite volume, whereas gases do not have a definite volume.
What are the 5 gas laws? ›Gas Laws: Boyle's Law, Charle's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, Avogadro's Law.
What is the gas law simplified? ›The Ideal Gas Law states that for any gas, its volume (V) multiplied by its pressure (P) is equal to the number of moles of gas (n) multiplied by its temperature (T) multiplied by the ideal gas constant, R.